Meritocracy: Definition, concepts and ideology

Meritocracy: Definition, concepts and ideology Meritocracy as an ideology Meritocracy can refer to an idealised society where discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, gender, age, and other irrelevant characteristics is completely absent. Merit is the encompassing value, the basic and morally correct criterion for any and all social classifications, particularly in respect to socioeconomic standing and in public space. A notion, emphasising societal consensus on the means and processes of selection for particular roles through a system of sifting, sorting, and rewarding talent and ability, motivated by competition for qualifications that in turn structure access to wealth, prestige, and personal satisfaction. It is conceived as a repudiation of systems like aristocracy where individuals inherit their social status. A meritocracy resembles aristocracy in the classical sense of the term meaning â€Å"rule by the best.† What has happened over the centuries, however, is that aristocracy has become associated with hereditary privilege and a rigi d class system. Instead of this, a meritocracy promotes worthy individuals regardless of which social strata they happen to be born in and each individual has good fortune in proportion to the individuals deservingness (Rawls, 1999, Nozick 1974, Miller 1999). IQ tests primarily tap analytical, logic-based reasoning; and surely that kind of cognitive ability is related to performance in many job settings. But other kinds of cognitive ability are also related to performance and thus also represent merit. For instance: imagination, practical sense, and the ability to interpret others perspectives. By the same token, the effort component of Youngs formulation suggests that a number of personality factors may figure into a reasonable conception of merit. For example, being conscientious may enhance job performance. Of course, some individual traits and social skills may be rewarded because they reflect conformity to arbitrary group norms. â€Å"It is not clear why the term merit should be identified so closely with mental ability as distinct from many other conditions and traits that improve the chances of social and economic success† (Hauser et als, 2000, p. 203). David Miller (1996, 300) eluding on Walzer (1983) has indicated that a meritocracy is not only more stable but also more socially just if there are a number of socially recognised forms of merit: ‘economic contribution would be one kind of merit, education and scholarship another, artistic achievement a third, public service yet another, and so forth. However these other conditions and traits do not contribute to a â€Å"fair opportunity†. In Rawls view, the correlation between ones social origins and ones outcome in life is zero in a meritocracy and as long as some form of the family exists in society fair opportunity cannot be achieved as (Rawls 1971, 64). The social context within which individuals grow up influences the achievements of equally competent persons. Success in the labour market is transmitted from parents to children, and the advantages of the children of successful parents go considerably beyond the benefits of the best education, wealth and genetic cognitive ability. Many of the criteria associated with individual talent and effort do not measure the individual in isolation but rather parallel the phenomena associated with aristocracy; what is called individual talent is actually a function of that individuals social position or opportunities gained by virtue of family and ancestry. Among these, for examp le, one might list ambition or drive, perseverance, responsibility, personal attractiveness, and physical or artistic skills or talents, along with access to social support and to favourable social and economic networks and resources. Access to education is partly defined by inheritance as much research has demonstrated (Bowles and Gintis, 2002; Bourdieu and Passeron 1990; Aschaffenburg and Maas 1997; Sacks, 2003; Ballantine 2001). Compiling evidence from other studies Herrnstein concludes that 80% of the differences in IQ among individuals is explained by inherited factors and 15% is explained by environmental factors (Herrnstein 1971, 171). Children from the upper class get upper class education, middle class children get middle class education, working class people get working class education, and poor people get poor education. Privileged young people can perceive reachable goals and develop lofty aspirations because they tend to benefit from high expectations and support networ ks from the family and social milieu, as well as extensive economic and educational resources. Those who have the resources, via their parental background, will move through higher education, get well paid jobs, and postpone family plans until they are well into their thirties, building their financial and cultural capital significantly prior to family formation. Inheritance may provide access to powerful forms of social capital (who you know) and cultural capital (what you know). Bourdieu Passeron (1990) indicate that students who lack the required knowledge and skills with which to successfully navigate the parameters of middle class culture inevitably fail at school. It therefore seems that unequal educational opportunity is the driver of individual achievement. Research shows that as class rises so does the level of education. As a consequence, the expansion of higher education will broaden the gulf between rich and poor (Blanden et al. 2005). So achievement capacities are ascr ibed to social class. Thus, IQ tests measure intelligence as a reflection of inherent intellectual capacity combined with environmental influences. Thus parents can predispose their children to succeed or fail in life as they are a part of the environment that affect the abilities that children attain. Thus the first and foremost among non-merit factors is the effect of social class at birth on future life. Therefore truly equalizing childrens environments in an effort to create a system with equal opportunities for all would mean having to eliminate the family. Meritocracy thus could lead to a hereditary caste system that, far from promoting social mobility, actually makes social advancement nearly impossible for the lower orders. This could be the case if wealth and social position are or primarily distributed by unchangeable genetic characteristics of individuals. This argument can be reworked into the form of a Hernsteins syllogism: If differences in mental abilities are inherited, and If success requires those abilities, and If earnings and prestige depend on success, Then social standing (which reflects earnings and prestige) will be based to some extent on inherited differences among people. (Herrnstein 1971, 197-8) This implies that absolute equality of opportunity is an ideal that cannot be achieved. (Loury 1977, p. 176). For John Rawls, the question of distributive justice is rather different. He is not content to say that any person begins at some point in the process of acquisition and then is merely constrained by a set of rules and procedures to ensure fairness. Rather, the socioeconomic position of the agent is also considered. Rawls bases his query on how the agent is presented with the distribution of talents and social position. His conclusion is that these distributions are accidental and arbitrary. It is an accident that someone is born with whatever natural traits he may possess. The question is raised whether a meritocracy based on natural abilities is thus unfair. Some might contend, for example, that even if we do not deserve our natural abilities it is not unfair if we reap the rewards of those abilities because the system of reward is independent of the system of deserts. However, Rawls makes the case that social position is also random and arbitrary. The fact that natural abilities may or may not be rewarded in that society is an accident. To be rewarded based merely on an accident is not deserved. Thus, a meritocracy that is based on reward from undeserved social position is similarly unfair. Therefore, both natural abilities and social position may not be the basis of distributive justice because they are unfair. The naturally advantaged are not to gain merely because they are more gifted. The individual cannot help how she begins life. Why make her â€Å"pay† for her positive talents and advantages? The rectification of these disparities in Rawls is his difference principle that makes all inequalities subject to the stipulation that the least advantaged will benefit from them.

Gender Roles Today Essay

1. What subtle messages about sex, gender, gender identity and roles, and sexuality were evident in these images? There were many subtle messages when it came to the ads shown in the video. When it came to sexuality, women were shown to be vulnerable and weak; an example is the gang bang shown in the D&G ad with men surrounding the woman. Men are shown as dominant and having control over the woman in many images. Gender identity is similar when it comes to sex; women are shown to be soft, flawless and unrealistically thin; also, I noticed no lesbians in the ads as if gay women don’t exist. Also, men are shown in an unrealistic light and identity; for example, the old rich man who can have any woman because he is rich. As mentioned in the video, this gives many men anxiety and pressure to be ‘rich’. I think all together sex, sexuality and gender roles are shown in a very negative and mostly unrealistic light. 2. What was your response to seeing these images discussed in this way? Was it new to you? Had you noticed different messages being sent to men and women as you flipped through magazines before? Will you look at images in the media in a different way after watching this video? I was really shocked by the images shown in the video. I can’t say I’ve never seen the images shown but I’ve definitely never thought of the subtle messages behind them. I have to say it definitely provided an explanation to me as to why people struggle with things like weight and even depression. I realized media does put an immense amount of pressure on women to be thin but i never noticed the prejudice when it came to gender identity roles. I never noticed the vulnerability of women portrayed and the role of weakness that they place in these ads. All of it is surprising to me especially because I feel like women’s roles have changed over time. Right now they are considered head ho nchos of many companies and as mentioned in the beginning of the video, many companies who have women managing these corporations make more money. 3. How does Jackson Katz show that men’s behaviors are socially constructed and socially learned?  Jackson Katz demonstrates that men’s behavior is socially constructed and learned through the interviews in the beginning of the video. It is clear that men all have the same definition of what it means to be a ‘man’. On top of the one-on-one interviews, he also shows statistics that prove as evidence of men feeling the need to live up to this tough exterior. It showed that between men and women, men were often the violent offenders. He also shows examples of how media and companies put on peer pressure on to men to be a certain way. 4. How does a key social institution, the Media, shape how we perceive men in American society?  In the video, Katz uses the media and the men of large corporations like Disney who cause gender stereotypes. In general, I think the media has portrayed the male gender as dominant, tough, and ‘strong’. The media uses magazines, ads, TV commercials, and any other outlet exposed to the public. I believe even when it comes to the news, men who violate the law are more in the mainstream than women.

History of Guidiance and Counselling in Nigeria

What's the historical development of guidance and counselling in Nigeria? African nations are in a hurry to educate citizens in order to modernize and enhance their social, economic and political development. The concept of guidance and counseling, although relatively new in Africa has been embraced by most developing nations with enormous enthusiasm. This is because counseling is being regarded by most nations as an educational service through which efficient manpower for development can be attained.Counseling practice, however, does run into frequent clashes with African traditions and development goals typical of developing countries. In order to become fully acceptable at this initial stage, the guidance and counseling profession in Africa must tolerate some compromises and modifications from its original philosophy in the Western sense. Several events led to the institutionalization of guidance and counselling in Nigerian school system.Most prominent was the efforts of a group o f Catholic nuns at the St. Theresa's College, Oke-Ado, Ibadan. The Catholic nuns developed a career workshop for all the school's graduating students during the 1959 academic session, especially in the area of subject selection and job search. A major outcome of the workshop was the distribution of the much needed career information that enabled 54 out of the 60 graduating students to gain full employment upon their graduation.The workshop on guidance and counselling held at the comprehensive high school, Aiyetoro in 1963 where Mr. R. O. Rees delivered a paper titled â€Å"The role of the guidance counsellor in a comprehensive high school† was also instrumental to the emergence of guidance and counselling in Nigeria. So, was the book written by Mr. C. I. Berepiki entitled, An approach to guidance in schools. This book inspired the Federal Government of Nigeria to develop a workshop on guidance and counselling in schools.Through these efforts, the Federal government was able t o appreciate the role guidance and counselling needed to play in the nation's overall development that later motivated the Federal Ministry of Education to appoint Mr. C. I. Berepiki to take full charge of the coordination of school guidance and counselling services in Nigeria's school system. Another force that led to the emergence of professional counselling in Nigeria has to do with the events that cropped up after the Nigerian civil war. At the end of the civil war, there arose the dire need to rehabilitate the war victims.The post-war social, political, economic, religious and educational problems, which students, workers and the general public had to face, became enormous such that the less trained career masters/mistresses could not cope. This necessitated a very high demand for guidance counsellors who were expected to provide veritable counselling interventions in the rehabilitation of the war victims. One approach then was for the Federal Government of Nigeria to grant sch olarship to most candidates who desired to pursue masters' degree in guidance and counselling in any Nigerian universities.The introduction of the new National Policy of Education in Nigeria (commonly referred to as the 6-3-3-4 system of Education) for the whole country in 1977, with major revision in 1981, which had among its features, the introduction of a new educational focus for the primary and secondary levels of education also influenced the emergence of guidance and counselling in Nigeria. This policy was a major break away from the existing educational policy that was bequeathed to the nation by the British colonial masters at independence.Under the previous arrangement, secondary school students were expected to spend five years in the secondary school. In addition, the curriculum tended to emphasize much of liberal type of education. But the new policy extended the number of years in secondary school from five years to six years. It further divided secondary education int o two levels: junior secondary school (where the student was expected to spend three years) and the senior secondary school level (where the student was expected to spend the remaining three years).

Paranoid Schizophrenia in The Tell-Tale Heart - 863 Words

Although schizophrenia seems like a rare illness, there are an estimated 1.5 million people in the United States alone who suffer from this disorder (â€Å"Schizophrenia† 3). The most common form of this mental illness is paranoid schizophrenia, which is defined as a chronic mental illness in which a person loses touch with reality and is preoccupied with delusions (â€Å"Mental Health and Schizophrenia† 5). Symptoms of this disorder include auditory hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, anger, emotional distance, violence, argumentativeness, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and self-important or condescending manner. Auditory hallucinations are when one hears sounds, usually voices, that are not real. The voices will give criticisms, insults, and commands (â€Å"Paranoid Schizophrenia† 5). Delusions are false beliefs that one refuses to give up despite being proved wrong with facts, a very common one being that someone is out to get the person (â€Å"Mental Heal th and Schizophrenia† 13). However, one could also have delusions of grandeur, which are false impressions of one’s own importance. Delusions can lead to aggression or violence if one believes they must defend themselves against those who want to cause them harm (â€Å"Paranoid Schizophrenia† 4). The narrator of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† clearly has paranoid schizophrenia because he displays the symptoms of auditory hallucinations, delusions, violence or aggression, and anxiety. The narrator in this story does not hear voices; however, heShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper1375 Words   |  6 Pagesdetailed graphic account? Most of Poe’s short stories revolve around death, gloom and the mental state of his main character/characters. More often than not, the main character of his stories is thought to have a certain degree of insanity. The â€Å"Tell- Tale Heart† does not disappoint. The story follows the formula that Edgar Allan P oe perfected: death, gloom, and mental instability. Some believe it is the narrator’s insanity that causes him to dismember the old man into several pieces and place him underRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe’S, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† Was Written In1124 Words   |  5 PagesPoe’s, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† was written in a time period where mental illnesses were principally misunderstood, if not completely non-acknowledged. Which mean’t that his short story drew quite a response from readers. Not only did the disturbing details throughout the story shock readers, but it also delivered new insight into the mind of an individual with a mental illness. Creating the larger sense of understanding today’s society now has on these mental illnesses. In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, the narratorRead More The Tell-Tale heart Essay805 Words   |  4 Pages The behavior of the narrator in The Tell-Tale heart demonstrate characteristic that are associated with people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoid schizophrenia . When Poe wrote this story in 1843 obsessive-compulsive disorder and paranoia had not been discovered. However in modern times the characteristics demonstrated by the narrator leads people to believe that he has a mental illness. Poe’s narrator demonstrates classic signs throughout the story leading the reader to believe thatRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe992 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is about a man who is disturbed about his companions’ eye. There aren’t any names in the story, so they’ll be referred to as ‘The Narrator’ and ‘The Old Man.’ For some unfathomable reason, the narrator becomes consumed with the diseased eye of the old man. The narrator equates it to a vulture’s eye and is so haunted by the Evil Eye that he decides to murder the old man. He seems to be suffering from a mental illness called paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia is definedRead MoreTell-Tale Heart and Mental Disorders1011 Words   |  5 PagesTell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allen Poe. The entire story is a confession of a brutal murder with no rational motive. The narrator repeatedly tries to convince the audience he hasn’t gone mad though his actions prove otherwise. To him his nervousness sharpens his senses and allows him to hear things from heaven Earth and hell. The narrator planned to kill his roommate whom had never wronged him and had loved dearly because he felt his pale blue eye was tormenting him. The narrator claimsRead MoreThe Shining, By Stephen King And Directed By Stanley Kubrick1299 Words   |  6 Pages(WebMD), can’t tell what is fake from realit y, and typically the people who have this disorder aren’t even aware of their behavior. Delusional disorder goes more into the reality vs imaginary concept. People with delusional disorder have a â€Å"misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences† (WebMD), which makes their experiences be either super exaggerated or not true. People with delusional disorder are known to function normally and socialize normally, in fact most people can’t even tell if someone hasRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It is told by anonymous narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity, while describing a murder he committed. The victim was an old man with a filmy vulture-eye (cataract eye), as the narrator calls it. The murder is carefully calculated, and the murderer dismembers the body and hides it under the floorboards. Ultimately the narrator s guilt manifests itsel f in the form of the sound ( hallucinatory) of the old man sRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 PagesAmong the many strange and complex short stories of Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart has come to be known as one of the most mysterious and psychologically intriguing. Poes preoccupations with death, with madness, and with troubled human relationships all find their culmination in this brief narrative. The murder of the old man and its aftermath, which form the center of the story, are told with dazzling clarity, a clarity that itself obscures the meaning of the act and calls into question the emotionalRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe and Charlotte Perkins Are Unreliable Narrators: A Discussion1013 Words   |  4 PagesPoe and Perkins Unreliable Narrators Edgar Allan Poe and Charlotte Perkins were two prominent American writers that explored the psychological constructs of the characters contained within their short stories. In The Tell-Tale Heart, by Poe, the unnamed narrator maintains that he is not mad despite the fact that he has murdered someone in the process of trying to destroy an Evil eye. On the other hand, in The Yellow Wallpaper, by Perkins, the unnamed narrator recognizes that her nerves haveRead MoreComparison of Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart and Stephen Kings Misery2211 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Comparison of Edgar A. Poes The Tell-Tale Heart and Stephen Kings Misery Introduction The objective of this study is to compare Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart and Stephen Kings Misery. Poes work entitled The Tell-Tale Heart begins with the statement: TRUE! nervous very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all

Personal Statement On Life And Life - 1511 Words

to return to Earth and live out the rest of a continued human life. He assured me that I was welcome to move on from my earthly life and enter heaven at that moment, but the option was at hand. I felt so loved and peaceful, longing to remain in the company of the Heavenly realm that I had come to know so far, but I had a decision put forth in front of me. The panel gave me the option to return to Earth and fulfill God’s work. Although I couldn’t see Him throughout the judgment in the room, I heard God speak directly to me and I felt His counsel like a father in my heart. Typically, God, Himself, presides over our final judgment as the center judge. Because no man can see God and return back to human existence, He was present in voice only in my judgment so that I could again return to Earth. God said my mission would not be an easy one. It was important for Him to reveal the truth to me, and He said I would feel similar painful feelings that Christ felt on Earth, ones of rejection, loneliness, and frustration. Because of this, He explained that it was vital for me to experience what Christ felt prior to having to endure the burden He was asking of me in my own time. It’s very hard to decide to leave heaven and come back to Earth. Being human is no easy task, especially after having heavenly understanding. God explained that if I were to come back, if I led a life according to His will, I could help change the course of many lives to His glory. That is the utmostShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Life And Life967 Words   |  4 Pageshoping for a baby girl. It sounds like you are having a tough time because there are a lot of demand on you, Is that right? (Paraphrasing) Yes, I am so tired physically and mentally, I want to open my eyes and find out it was a nightmare, not my real life. John, It seems like you are overwhelmed now due to extra responsibility that you have toward your son’s need.( Reflection) Yes, I am overwhelmed! What does your wife think about this situation? She is obviously not happy with this situation, but sheRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life998 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Statement ï » ¿ ï » ¿ ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿I was born in the historical city of Patiala, town in northern part of India. All my ancestors right until my father have been businessmen. Due to early demise of my Grandfather my father had to take over his clothing business in his early 20 s. He could not complete his studies due to responsibilities he had toRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesFive words kept replaying in my mine, â€Å"Promise me you won’t tell anyone,† and I did that; without hesitation, I promised. Overwhelmed with emotions that are churning through by body, I’ve realized that I’ve just made a statement that consequently, I would grow to regret. Feeling bemused and as though I can barely breathe, and knowing that I will betray her, the decision is made. Every part of my being knows that I must find him; at her expense. Childhood was a joyous time. Having had amazingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life848 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough my profile. I went through the list to identify several people who I have never met in real life. Most of them were schoolmates, college mates and individuals I had mutual friends with. I was Facebook friends with a majority of them, just because we were part of the same organization. I went to the same school as Ben, but till now I never talked to him, ironically I know what he does with his life through his posts. Social media, to my opinion, gives an illusion that the five hundred and eightyRead MorePersonal Statement On My Life876 Words   |  4 PagesTo me, my life stories are my adventures. However, to some; they are just life. I believe that certain events in my life have not only shaped who I am, but have helped construct my values, and me as a person. My life started off differently that what most people would consider the normal. In the beginning on my li fe, my dad was not there for me virtually at all. However, over time he came around and regained his position as the father figure in my life. I lived in Protection, Kansas for theRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life1734 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to be the best and stand out. This was not because those things gave me a sense of personal satisfaction, but rather it was because I wanted to finally be good enough for my dad to be proud of me or for my mom to take an actual personal interest in who I was and not what I could provide for her. By the time I had moved across the country to go to college and to, frankly, begin writing a new chapter in my life, I could name this struggle and recognize situations that would perpetuate this struggleRead MorePersonal Statement : Eternal Life980 Words   |  4 PagesEternal Life Many people spend their lives seeking a way to live forever. They are searching for proof that life exists after death. My salvation ensures me a life in Heaven for all of eternity. Thesis I will prove that we can know that we have eternal life. Analysis and Explanation of the Thesis This paper will explain what a person needs to do to live eternally. Eternal life refers to a gift of God that comes only through Jesus (What is eternal life, 2016). The gift of eternal life is in contrastRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life975 Words   |  4 PagesMy life in America started with a couple of unfortunate events that changed me profoundly. In the first six months in this country, I learned to be resilient, innovated and decisive. Thanks to those experiences I was prepared to achieve my American Dream. Before I moved to this country, I was a studious girl, that owned a small cloth shop in a town in the middle of the jungle. I could only dream of having a successful career. It was very unlikely that a girl from the Choco, the poorest and leastRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life Essay1828 Words   |  8 Pagesadvantage of my kindheartedness. He used me for sex, money, and for someone to be there for him. This immature, sophomore high school student at the time ins isted that he loved me, but he didn’t. He stated that I was the best thing to ever walk into his life, but he never showed it. He promised me that we would never break up, but we did. Our three year ‘relationship’ was nothing but forced love. I thought I loved him. Actually, I thought I was in love with him, but I wasn’t. I didn’t love him at allRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life Essay2299 Words   |  10 Pagescollege degree. I am a strong, independent woman who is full of life and not afraid to take any challenge life brings. I am a woman who never allows anything or anyone bring me down. But before I was able to discover the person I am today. I had three agents of socialization build me. These agents consisted of my family, stepdad, and school. Some people learn to be strong because they are taught, but I learned to be strong by facing life a very unpleasant way. I will rewind my story to my birthplace

Taking a Closer Look at an Ozone Molecule - 958 Words

INTRODUCTION An ozone molecule contains three of oxygen atoms (O3) which included the molecular oxygen (O2) that is important in our life in order to survive. Ozone is also the form of UV rays (sun) from the upper parts of atmosphere which is called stratosphere. Another name for stratosphere is protective ozone layer because it can help to protect human from the harmful effect of the ultra-violet radiation (UV ray) by absorbing it. But the lower part of atmosphere which name troposphere, can easily causes harmful or damage to a lung tissues of human and also the leaves tissue of plants because of the strong oxidizing agent. However when sunny or warm days, an ozone that formed by nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the lower parts of atmosphere will†¦show more content†¦The symptoms of fleck is then merge to form more larger and from bleached white to yellowish color on leaves surface (dead areas). It normally will first affect the mature leaves which is nearly, then proceed to a younger and older leaves. This is because the most sensitive plants to ozone are young plants compared to mature plants which are more relatively resistant to ozone. However, the plants tissue that is already infected by certain fungi (Botrytis) will also killed by ozone. Causes of ozone in a pumpkin leaf Source from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/images/docs/12462_12656/OzonePumpkinLeaf.JPG Besides that in sensitive species of plant, ozone can causes a loss of premature leaves, decreasing of the process photosynthesis, leaf, root and a total of dry weight. And with the absence of vice versa and injury of foliar can causes the changes of physiological. There are many factor that can ameliorate (improve) or magnify the injury of ozone at different places and times. Example is soil moisture, insects or diseases, other presence of air pollutants and also environmental stresses. SENSITIVITY Injury patterns will occur when the sensitive plants exposure to ozone than 4 hours with levels from 0.04 to 1.0 ppm. Difference for the same plant that infected ozone are totally differs, for example of plant are, bean, grape, oat, onion, potatoShow MoreRelatedDesign And Fabrication Of Hybrid Cooler1844 Words   |  8 Pages3,4 Under Graduate Student, 5Assistant Professor Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Collage of Engg. Research, Nagpur, India, 441110 Abstract— Now a days, global warming is one of the serious concern for environment to get protected from it every one is taking help of technology by the means of different types of refrigeration system for comfort food process, medicines, blood storage, humidity control, etc. use of refrigeration system not totally green or ineffective environment, if we can use proper eco-friendlyRead MoreHow Are The Poor Affected By Environmental Problems? Essay2382 Words   |  10 Pagesdegradation have a severe impact on the poor and can increase their poverty.† (1) when we way that their is a positive feedback loop it means that every little action that poor people do have an impact on our environment we are all concern and we should not look away from it, finding solution to decrease poverty is directly linked to finding solution to our environmental problem. 2. Critical Thinking: The poor who live in the U.S. and the poor who live in some of the poorest nations face different risksRead MoreBp Sustainability Essay28986 Words   |  116 Pagesshareholders around the world. We feel a deep sense of responsibility to everyone affected by what we do and how we do it – not just in the Gulf of Mexico, but wherever we operate. And not just this year, but every year. In this Sustainability Review, we look at what that sense of responsibility means in practice. We discuss how the accident and oil spill are shaping how we do business, and the changes we are making to our portfolio and organization. Our website plays an integral part in our sustainability

Trauma Is Well Recognized As A Situation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Trauma Is Well Recognized As A Situation? Answer: Introduction Trauma is well recognized as a situation where an individual has an experience that is deeply distressing or one that is very disturbing. A physical injury, mostly on some ones head is also referred to as trauma, mostly because in a similar way, it affects the individual mentally. In order to ensure that they manage to address the issues faced by trauma patients effectively, physicians developed the trauma informed care (TIC). Trauma informed care refers to a treatment framework that an organization decides to establish and utilize, which is aimed at enabling the physicians to have the ability to address all forms of trauma and effects that may arise. This framework has made a significant and highly beneficial impact in treating individuals that are facing mental issues. This paper provides a clear description of what trauma informed care is its benefits to both physicians and patients that have mental challenges and the means through which it helps people improve their mental condit ions after having any form of traumatic or disturbing experience (Peitzman, 2013). Disease Background The trauma informed care helps physicians to improve the strategies that they use to treat individuals who have different forms of mental issues and problems that affect their understanding. It helps them recognize the existence of diverse emotions, disorders, and many other trauma related issues, within patients and thus they obtain the ability to address these issues effectively. A number of characteristics are associated with all forms of programs that are considered trauma informed. The first characteristic is the explanation that any form of trauma informed system of the program helps physicians in realizing the major impact of trauma on an individual, and also understands the potential paths that can be utilized for recovery to take place. The second characteristic of such a program is its ability to helps physicians recognize the signs and symptoms that trauma cause on patients, their families, staff members and all other individuals involved in the system (Wall, Higgins, Hun ter, 2016). How trauma guides mental Healthcare provision Without a clear understanding of the signs and symptoms that occur, it is very difficult for any physician to formulate treatment strategies. In order to ensure that the strategies used are significantly successful, at the same time, the physicians require to understand how the trauma of a certain patient impacts that patient, his or her friends and family and how it also impacts the staff members., with this clarity of situational understanding, the physician has the ability to establish a program and means through which he or she can address the issues that arise to the patient. This characteristic is therefore of significant importance and helps in a significant way to ensure that the system is effective in the activities of addressing issues of patients with a traumatic experience. The other characteristic of this system is its ability to help physicians respond to the trauma related cases that they seek to address by integrating the knowledge that they have about trauma into cer tain policies, practices, and procedures (Seng, Taylor, 2015). The other characteristics of this framework are the need to ensure that the patients manage to resist issues of re-traumatization, where the problem of trauma occurs again in their lives. The ability to make this resistance helps the individuals to eliminate aspects of the trauma and its impact on their lives. This aspect is significantly important in that it makes the individuals manage to improve their lives and become significantly appropriate in this improvement (Isobel, Edwards, 2017). Principles guiding trauma informed care Apart from these major and highly important characteristics of trauma informed care, the other aspect that is equally important to understand about this approach of addressing mental health is the six key principles. These principles help in guiding all the individuals who utilize it, in order to ensure that they fully adhere to the systems original design and manage to achieve its purpose with their patients. The first principle is safety. Safety is the main reason why this design of addressing trauma is developed. Involvement in any practice that might jeopardise the safety of any stakeholder of the system like the patient, the staff of the family and friends of the patients is completely avoided (Oudshoorn, 2015). The other major principle of this approach is transparency and trustworthiness. Like for the case of all other physician and patient relationships, trust and transparency is the basis through which they become healthy. Without trusting the physician, a patient cannot agree to be treated. Transparency, on the other hand helps to keep the patient updated and in understanding of all the occurrences and progress taking place in his or her body (Brown, McQueen, Tornetta, 2006). Without this understanding, it becomes extremely difficult for an individual or a patient to understanding how the order of things occur. Transparency and trustworthiness, therefore helps to guide individuals and patients towards the establishment of a good relationship which is essential for the recovery process of the patient (Poole, Greaves, 2012). The third main principle is peer support. Individuals with any form of mental issue which in many cases results into depression and other psychological issues improves significantly and at a faster rate when there is support from family members and friends. With this regard, therefore, the approach of trauma informed care encourage and advocate for peer support from family and friends to any individuals with any form of mental challenge, in order to help speed up the recovery process. The other principle is collaboration and mutuality. The process of offering care in this manner accepts the understanding that the need for mutual benefit between the patients and the care giver is important. With the mutual benefit aspect in place, both can work hard, to achieve the common result of the patients managing to fully recover and live according to the desired living standards and comfort. This aspect is thus considered important and appropriate for all individuals to consider (Kropp, 2015). The other key principle refers to empowerment, voice of the patient and choice. Empowerment is simply the aspect of enabling the patients to have the ability to live a normal life as much possible, despite the mental challenges that they may have. These challenges undermine their ability to ensure that their lives remain normal, an aspect that is considered negative. Voice is the aspect of listening to the interest and need that the patients have in relation to the care that is given to them and the aspect of responding to their concerns (Brailsford, 2007). Choice, on the other hand, involves the aspect of those individuals having the need to ensure that they completely remain effective in the activities that they involved in, and the need to ensure that they are the individuals who remain completely impactful and decisive on the care that is given to them. The other key principle involves the issues about the culture, history, and gender of the patients whose condition is being addr essed. The fact that the individuals have issues regarding their mental condition relates their issues with aspects of gender and culture. With this regard, therefore, it is appropriate to ensure that the staff members addressing their issues put into consideration these conditions and the means through which the conditions can be established (Oudshoorn, Zehr, 2016). Main findings Summary From the provisions of these principles and characteristics of the approach, it is easy for an individual to understand the means through which the framework help physicians to be effective in the activities of addressing mental health patients. The principles guide the actions of the physicians to an extent that they fully understand its importance and the means through which it is beneficial to all the important activities put in place. With this regard, therefore, it is appropriate to ensure that the individuals who utilize this framework completely adhere to the principles that guide its use (Clark, Classen, Fourt, Shetty, 2015). If for example, a physician decides to utilize this approach but dies not uphold the principle of trustworthiness and transparency, that caregiver operates at a risk of not managing to address the issues that his or her patient faces fully. As explained earlier, the relationship between a physician and the patient is of significant importance to both of them. In case the patient does not trust the doctor, it is very difficult for that doctor to treat the patient and for the patient to recover, mostly because that patient is less likely to adhere to the requirements and explanations of the care giver. If at the same time, the doctor is not transparent to the patient, their relationship cannot be considered healthy, an aspect that cannot establish effectiveness of operation (Wilson, Hutchinson, Hurley, 2017). Conclusion In conclusion, the trauma informed care help in ensuring that all individuals suffering from all forms of mental health issues have a chance of easy recovery and living like other normal individuals. The utilization of the trauma informed care approach help physicians to be more effective in their treatment strategies, compared to when this approach is not utilized. This is because utilizing the approach binds the caregiver to a certain set of principles that must be adhered to, in the process of giving care. Without these principles being put in place, it becomes difficult for the care givers to operate with high effectiveness. This aspect reduces the capability of those who do not utilize the approach but upholds that of the physicians who utilize the trauma informed care in their practice (Evans, 2016). References Brailsford, P. 2007.A practical approach to trauma : empowering interventions. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Brown, C., McQueen, M. Tornetta, P. 2006.Trauma. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Willkins. Clark, C., Classen, C., Fourt, A. Shetty, M. 2015.Treating the trauma survivor : an essential guide to trauma-informed care. New York, NY: Routledge. Evans, A. 2016.Trauma-informed care : how neuroscience influences practice. London New York: Routledge. Isobel, S. Edwards, C. 2017. Using trauma informed care as a nursing model of care in an acute inpatient mental health unit: A practice development process: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. Kropp, D. 2015.Trauma-Informed Care : development of a web-based multimedia e-learning course. Davis, Calif: University of California, Davis. Oudshoorn, J. Zehr, H. 2016.Trauma-informed juvenile justice in the United States. Toronto: CSPI. Oudshoorn, J. 2015.Trauma-informed youth justice in Canada : a new framework toward a kinder future. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Scholars' Press. Peitzman, A. 2013.The trauma manual trauma and acute care surgery. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Poole, N. Greaves, L. 2012.Becoming trauma informed. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Seng, J. Taylor, J. 2015.Trauma Informed Care in the Perinatal Period Growing Forward. City: Dunedin Academic Pr Ltd. Wall, L., Higgins, D. Hunter, C. 2016.Trauma-informed care in child/family welfare services. Melbourne, Vic: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Wilson, A. Hutchinson, M. Hurley, J. 2017. Literature review of trauma-informed care: Implications for mental health nurses working in acute inpatient settings in Australia: International Journal of Mental Health Nursing.